Gdf11

Models

All models for this gene with cis-heritability P-value <0.01 were tested and are shown here. In each tissue, a gene can have zero, one, or multiple RNA phenotypes for each RNA modality. After the heritability statistics, subsequent columns show cross-validation performance (R2 and P-value) of each modeling method. The best-performing method for each models is used for TWAS.

# Tissue Modality RNA phenotype h2 h2 SE h2 P xQTL R2 BLUP R2 ENET R2 LASSO R2 xQTL P BLUP P ENET P LASSO P
1 Liver gene expression Gdf11 0.11 0.08 7.5e-08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 6.3e-08 8.9e-07 6.3e-07 1.3e-07
2 pVTA gene expression Gdf11 0.11 0.06 3.1e-06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 8.2e-06 5.7e-06 4.0e-06 3.6e-06
3 NAcc gene expression Gdf11 0.08 0.04 1.6e-09 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 4.5e-08 1.6e-09 3.4e-09 4.9e-09
4 Brain gene expression Gdf11 0.07 0.05 1.1e-06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 1.1e-06 7.9e-07 1.1e-06 1.1e-06

Trait associations

The numbered columns correspond to the numbered models in the table above. They contain the TWAS Z-score for each trait-model pair. Colors indicate strength of Z-scores: cells with lower negative Z-scores are darker blue, cells with higher positive Z-scores are darker red. Significant associations have white and bolded text.

Trait Avg chi2 ratio Avg chi2 Max chi2 1 2 3 4
Bone: apparent density1.93.24.9-0.9-1.8-2.0-2.2
Area under the delay curve0.10.10.4-0.1-0.6-0.4-0.0
BMI with tail4.916.827.8-5.3-4.6-3.52.4
BMI without tail1.33.96.2-2.5-2.2-1.61.3
Body weight0.62.73.7-1.9-1.8-1.11.7
Weight adjusted by age0.10.10.20.40.40.40.2
Bone surface3.15.612.8-0.8-1.8-2.5-3.6
Bone volume3.56.312.1-1.1-2.1-2.7-3.5
Breakpoint value in progressive ratio session0.91.01.91.11.41.0-0.2
Number of licking bursts1.11.82.8-1.5-1.3-0.61.7
Context. condit. distance diff. score0.10.20.3-0.6-0.4-0.30.3
Locomotion velocity, session 11.41.52.3-0.5-1.3-1.5-1.2
Locomotion distance, session 11.01.33.2-0.1-0.7-1.2-1.8
Locomotion velocity, session 21.31.65.30.60.0-0.7-2.3
Locomotion distance, session 21.42.05.71.50.3-0.2-2.4
Locomotion velocity, session 33.03.56.22.52.11.6-0.9
Locomotion distance, session 30.10.10.20.40.30.40.2
Stereotopy head waving bouts, day 33.13.76.12.52.01.4-1.6
Stereotopy head waving duration, day 32.32.73.71.91.91.2-1.4
Locomotion velocity, session 70.10.10.40.0-0.0-0.3-0.6
Locomotion distance, session 70.20.30.9-0.10.30.50.9
Stereotopy head waving bouts, day 70.70.82.50.7-0.1-0.4-1.6
Stereotopy head waving duration, day 70.91.13.40.6-0.3-0.8-1.8
Locomotion velocity, session 81.21.54.60.8-0.4-0.8-2.1
Locomotion distance, session 80.20.20.60.60.1-0.0-0.8
Degree of sensitization distance0.40.40.8-0.9-0.7-0.60.2
Degree of sensitization stereotypy0.60.71.1-0.4-1.0-1.0-0.8
Conditioned locomotion0.80.93.1-0.4-0.10.51.8
Cocaine response after cond. corrected1.11.33.4-1.2-0.60.01.8
Cocaine response after cond. not corrected1.21.44.1-1.2-0.40.22.0
Cocaine response before conditioning0.30.30.50.70.70.4-0.5
Saline control response0.30.41.2-0.5-0.40.01.1
Bone: connectivity density1.01.52.5-0.6-1.1-1.4-1.6
Bone: cortical apparent density0.81.12.2-1.5-1.1-0.90.3
Bone: cortical area1.93.04.0-1.7-1.8-2.0-1.3
Bone: cortical porosity0.30.30.5-0.5-0.3-0.6-0.7
Bone: cortical porosity0.90.91.2-0.9-0.7-1.1-1.1
Bone: cortical thickness1.82.94.5-2.1-1.9-1.9-0.5
Bone: cortical thickness0.40.50.9-0.8-0.5-0.11.0
Bone: cortical tissue density0.60.81.6-1.3-1.0-0.80.3
Condit. Reinf. active minus inactive responses1.11.31.91.41.30.9-0.8
Condit. Reinf. active-inactive response ratio0.50.50.90.61.00.80.2
Condit. Reinf. active responses1.31.72.81.51.10.6-1.7
Condit. Reinf. inactive responses0.81.03.11.00.2-0.2-1.8
Incentive salience index mean0.60.81.81.00.50.1-1.4
Condit. Reinf. lever presses0.91.33.30.2-0.8-1.1-1.8
Condit. Reinf. active minus inactive responses2.63.45.22.02.32.00.2
Condit. Reinf. active-inactive response ratio2.32.73.81.41.82.01.3
Condit. Reinf. active responses1.31.82.81.61.71.3-0.6
Condit. Reinf. inactive responses0.30.31.10.40.3-0.1-1.0
Condit. Reinf. lever presses2.33.24.52.12.11.9-0.1
Condit. Reinf. lever reinforcers received1.21.72.81.51.71.4-0.2
Conditioned reinforcement - actives0.10.10.3-0.20.60.2-0.1
Conditioned reinforcement - inactives0.30.50.8-0.60.70.60.9
Conditioned locomotion1.51.93.41.21.80.9-1.4
Patch foraging indifference point 0 sec2.44.48.1-2.8-2.2-2.10.4
Patch foraging indifference point AUC0.50.71.41.20.90.9-0.1
Delay disc. indifference point, 0s delay3.84.16.6-1.7-2.6-2.4-1.1
Delay disc. indifference point, 16s delay0.10.10.20.40.1-0.0-0.3
Delay disc. indifference point, 2s delay0.80.91.6-0.7-1.3-1.1-0.4
Delay disc. indifference point, 24s delay0.30.30.7-0.4-0.8-0.60.2
Delay disc. indifference point, 4s delay0.40.51.20.2-0.5-0.6-1.1
Delay disc. indifference point, 8s delay0.20.20.6-0.1-0.20.20.8
Indifference point function ln k0.00.10.2-0.50.1-0.00.2
Indifference point function log k0.00.10.2-0.50.1-0.00.2
Patch foraging total patch changes 0 sec2.03.87.1-2.7-2.1-1.90.4
Patch foraging total patch changes 12 sec0.91.22.0-1.4-1.1-0.71.1
Patch foraging total patch changes 18 sec0.00.10.2-0.1-0.4-0.3-0.1
Patch foraging total patch changes 24 sec0.40.71.2-0.9-1.1-1.0-0.1
Patch foraging total patch changes 6 sec1.42.13.8-1.9-1.5-1.50.2
Patch foraging time to switch 0 sec0.51.11.7-0.8-1.3-1.2-0.7
Patch foraging water rate 0 sec0.30.61.9-0.60.10.41.4
Patch foraging water rate 12 sec0.30.72.1-0.80.10.31.5
Patch foraging water rate 18 sec2.03.15.20.61.72.02.3
Patch foraging water rate 24 sec2.23.19.9-0.50.61.33.1
Patch foraging water rate 6 sec2.02.94.41.12.12.11.4
Seeking ratio, delayed vs. immediate footshock0.70.91.51.00.90.4-1.2
Distance traveled before self-admin0.81.11.81.31.20.9-0.6
Distance traveled after self-admin0.00.00.00.2-0.1-0.00.0
Extensor digitorum longus weight2.710.517.4-4.2-3.2-1.93.2
Bone: elastic displacement0.00.00.0-0.1-0.0-0.1-0.1
Bone: elastic work1.11.42.1-1.3-1.4-1.3-0.3
Bone: endosteal estimation0.61.31.8-1.4-1.2-1.3-0.5
Bone: endosteal perimeter0.30.72.40.30.0-0.4-1.5
Epididymis fat weight0.31.11.40.81.11.21.0
Delta time in closed arm before/after self-admin1.91.75.2-0.60.61.02.3
Delta time in open arm before/after self-admin0.70.71.3-0.7-1.2-0.70.6
Diff in mean of infusions in LGA sessions1.51.82.81.61.71.3-0.5
Delay discount exponential model param0.10.10.2-0.00.50.30.0
Extinction: sum of active levers before priming2.02.23.21.61.81.70.4
Active lever presses in extinction session 60.10.10.20.30.20.0-0.5
Bone: final force3.75.98.3-2.7-2.9-2.7-0.8
Bone: final moment3.65.88.2-2.6-2.9-2.7-0.8
Food consumed during 24 hour testing period0.20.30.5-0.6-0.7-0.50.2
Glucose0.91.42.1-1.4-1.5-1.00.9
Heart weight0.50.81.20.81.11.00.4
Delay discount hyperbolic model param0.30.40.80.40.90.70.2
Intermittent access intake day 1-15 change0.81.73.70.91.91.40.4
Intermittent access intake escalation0.81.63.50.81.91.40.5
Intermittent access intake escalation 21.11.22.51.01.61.20.2
Intermitt. access day 1 inactive lever presses0.62.43.31.21.81.81.2
Intermitt. access day 15 inactive lever presses0.61.21.81.21.41.10.0
Intermitt. access escalation Index0.50.81.1-0.6-0.8-1.0-1.0
Intermittent access day 1 total infusions0.00.10.2-0.5-0.0-0.10.2
Intermittent access day 15 total infusions0.10.10.4-0.20.60.2-0.2
Intermittent access terminal intake (last 3 days)0.10.20.5-0.20.4-0.1-0.7
Intermittent access total infusions0.10.10.3-0.60.1-0.2-0.2
Intermittent access day 1 locomotion0.20.30.50.10.50.50.7
Intermittent access day 15 total locomotion0.61.12.60.51.61.20.3
Intermittent access total locomotion0.30.40.80.40.90.70.2
Intermittent access standard deviation0.40.81.70.61.30.5-1.0
Left kidney weight0.00.10.20.20.10.20.4
Right kidney weight0.20.71.31.10.80.90.3
Cocaine induced anxiety0.71.03.10.90.3-0.1-1.8
Post-drug Anxiety1.11.24.00.2-0.3-0.8-2.0
Baseline Anxiety0.00.00.0-0.2-0.1-0.10.0
Tail length2.49.416.04.03.43.0-1.0
Length with tail1.35.68.52.92.72.5-0.1
Length without tail0.10.30.8-0.6-0.3-0.10.9
Times rat made contact with spout0.50.61.2-0.9-0.6-0.31.1
Lifetime Intake0.40.51.5-1.2-0.2-0.6-0.2
Liver weight, left0.20.40.5-0.7-0.7-0.50.5
Liver weight, right0.20.30.50.70.40.60.4
Locomotor activity1.42.34.02.01.20.7-1.7
Locomotor testing distance0.61.11.91.30.90.4-1.4
Locomotor testing rearing0.10.10.10.30.30.30.4
Locomotion in novel chamber0.10.10.3-0.50.0-0.2-0.0
Locomotion in novel chamber post-restriction2.03.35.72.42.01.7-0.9
Fecal boli incidents, locomotor time 10.40.51.7-0.5-0.40.01.3
Change in fecal boli incidents, locomotor task0.70.72.50.3-0.2-0.6-1.6
Time >=10cm from walls, locomotor time 11.41.52.2-1.0-1.4-1.5-0.9
Bouts of movement, locomotor time 10.50.60.90.91.00.8-0.1
Total resting periods, locomotor time 10.91.01.71.31.21.0-0.4
Rest time, locomotor task time 10.20.30.70.70.20.0-0.8
Distance moved, locomotor task time 11.21.82.6-1.3-1.4-1.6-0.9
Vertical activity count, locomotor time 10.30.71.7-1.3-0.6-0.60.5
Time >=10cm from walls, locomotor time 20.40.51.0-1.0-0.5-0.21.0
Bouts of movement, locomotor time 20.30.51.50.1-0.3-0.7-1.2
Total resting periods, locomotor time 20.40.72.0-0.0-0.4-0.8-1.4
Rest time, locomotor task time 20.30.40.90.0-0.5-0.6-0.9
Distance moved, locomotor task time 20.30.30.60.10.50.60.8
Vertical activity count, locomotor time 20.60.82.5-0.8-0.10.21.6
Light reinforcement 11.63.85.42.32.31.5-1.5
Light reinforcement 20.60.91.41.11.20.8-0.6
Bone: marrow area0.51.21.6-1.3-1.2-1.2-0.5
Bone: maximum diameter0.61.03.70.2-0.1-0.6-1.9
Bone: maximum force3.15.58.0-2.7-2.8-2.6-0.5
Bone: maximum moment3.15.57.9-2.6-2.8-2.6-0.5
Mean time between licks in bursts0.40.91.61.01.31.0-0.3
Mean num. licks in bursts0.30.40.60.80.70.3-0.7
Cd content in liver0.20.20.40.40.60.4-0.4
Co content in liver2.32.74.01.92.01.8-0.1
Cu content in liver1.01.21.7-1.1-0.9-1.3-1.0
Fe content in liver0.10.10.3-0.40.00.10.5
K content in liver0.50.51.50.60.3-0.1-1.2
Mg content in liver0.60.61.01.00.60.3-1.0
Mn content in liver1.92.17.10.6-0.2-1.0-2.7
Na content in liver0.40.40.7-0.4-0.7-0.9-0.6
Rb content in liver1.21.41.9-0.9-1.0-1.4-1.3
Se content in liver0.00.00.00.10.10.1-0.1
Sr content in liver0.60.50.90.41.00.90.4
Zn content in liver4.55.07.22.22.72.70.9
Bone: minimum diameter0.71.31.6-1.0-1.1-1.3-1.1
Time in familiar zone, hab. session 13.83.76.12.52.22.0-0.2
Time in novel zone, hab. session 14.24.25.6-2.3-2.3-2.4-0.6
Total zone transitions, hab. session 10.70.92.70.3-0.5-0.8-1.7
Total locomotion distance, hab. session 11.52.27.20.9-0.2-0.8-2.7
Locomotion velocity, hab. session 11.21.65.21.10.2-0.4-2.3
Time in familiar zone, hab. session 24.95.27.52.62.72.50.1
Time in novel zone, hab. session 25.85.98.3-2.8-2.9-2.7-0.3
Total zone transitions, hab. session 22.33.04.6-1.3-1.9-2.1-1.6
Total locomotion distance, hab. session 20.50.72.00.3-0.4-0.7-1.4
Locomotion velocity, hab. session 20.81.13.00.3-0.6-1.0-1.7
Novel to familiar place preference ratio3.84.15.8-2.1-2.4-2.4-0.7
Novelty place preference2.83.04.2-1.8-2.0-2.0-0.8
Time in novel zone, NPP test3.13.34.5-2.0-2.1-2.1-0.6
Total zone transitions, NPP test1.01.42.2-0.9-1.5-1.4-0.7
Total locomotion distance, NPP test0.81.11.6-0.5-1.2-1.2-1.1
Locomotion velocity, NPP test0.50.81.4-0.1-0.9-1.0-1.2
Intraocular pressure1.21.72.51.01.21.61.4
Delta distance traveled before/after self-admin0.40.40.7-0.7-0.8-0.50.5
Delta ambulatory time before/after self-admin0.70.81.5-0.9-1.2-1.0-0.1
Parametrial fat weight0.30.81.2-1.1-1.1-1.00.0
Pavlov. Cond. lever latency0.81.02.20.20.81.11.5
Pavlov. Cond. magazine entry latency0.91.11.81.41.21.0-0.5
Pavlov. Cond. change in total contacts0.10.20.3-0.6-0.4-0.3-0.0
Pavlov. Cond. index score0.20.30.90.50.1-0.1-1.0
Pavlov. Cond. latency score0.40.51.80.4-0.1-0.4-1.3
Pavlov. Cond. lever contacts0.81.01.6-0.4-1.0-1.1-1.3
Pavlov. Cond. magazine entry number0.40.50.9-0.9-0.8-0.80.2
Pavlov. Cond. intertrial magazine entries0.50.60.80.40.90.90.8
Pavlov. Cond. lever-magazine prob. diff.0.30.30.90.60.20.0-0.9
Pavlov. Cond. response bias0.30.30.60.80.60.5-0.3
Pavlov. Cond. lever latency1.01.32.4-1.5-1.2-1.10.6
Pavlov. Cond. magazine entry latency1.31.52.81.71.21.1-0.8
Pavlov. Cond. change in total contacts0.50.91.31.11.11.0-0.2
Pavlov. Cond. index score1.31.72.81.71.51.3-0.5
Pavlov. Cond. latency score1.21.62.91.71.31.1-0.8
Pavlov. Cond. lever contacts1.11.52.41.61.31.3-0.3
Pavlov. Cond. magazine entry number1.31.62.7-1.6-1.3-1.10.9
Pavlov. Cond. intertrial magazine entries0.40.61.0-1.0-0.5-0.31.0
Pavlov. Cond. lever-magazine prob. diff.1.31.82.81.71.51.2-0.8
Pavlov. Cond. response bias1.82.43.71.91.81.6-0.3
Time in closed arm before self-admin0.60.81.1-0.6-0.9-1.0-0.9
Time in closed arm after self-admin0.20.20.8-0.90.1-0.00.4
Time in open arm before self-admin0.10.10.2-0.10.50.3-0.0
Time in open arm after self-admin0.91.01.3-1.1-1.2-0.61.1
Bone: periosteal estimation1.73.54.7-1.9-2.0-2.2-1.3
Bone: periosteal perimeter0.81.42.8-0.6-0.8-1.2-1.7
Bone: post-yield work0.30.50.8-0.9-0.8-0.70.1
Progressive ratio test 1 active lever presses0.10.20.5-0.7-0.2-0.30.3
Progressive ratio test 1 breakpoint0.10.20.5-0.7-0.2-0.30.3
Progressive ratio test 1 inactive lever presses0.20.30.90.31.00.5-0.3
Progressive ratio test 2 active lever presses0.10.10.30.10.60.2-0.2
Progressive ratio test 2 breakpoint0.10.10.40.20.60.2-0.3
Progressive ratio test 2 inactive lever presses0.20.30.4-0.6-0.1-0.6-0.6
Incentive Sensitization - Responses0.30.40.60.80.80.6-0.1
Incentive Sensitization - Breakpoint0.30.40.70.80.80.5-0.3
Sum of active levers in priming session hrs 5-60.20.20.30.40.50.50.1
Progressive ratio0.40.71.5-1.2-0.4-0.31.0
Food seeking constrained by brief footshock1.11.33.01.71.01.1-0.3
Seeking ratio, punishment vs. effort1.21.84.22.11.11.1-0.7
Retroperitoneal fat weight1.04.27.3-2.5-1.5-0.72.7
Reaction time number correct0.40.72.3-0.7-0.30.11.5
Reaction time mean minus median0.30.81.61.30.90.7-0.8
Reaction time mean minus median AUC0.51.34.01.00.0-0.4-2.0
Reaction time num false alarms0.30.50.8-0.9-0.7-0.40.6
Reaction time num false alarms AUC0.30.40.7-0.8-0.5-0.20.9
Reaction time trials correct on left0.40.72.3-0.7-0.30.11.5
Reaction time trials on left0.40.72.0-0.7-0.30.11.4
Reaction time mean0.50.92.31.00.2-0.1-1.5
Reaction time mean AUC0.40.61.80.6-0.1-0.4-1.3
Median of all reaction times0.40.61.90.7-0.1-0.3-1.4
Reaction time omissions0.20.30.8-0.3-0.4-0.6-0.9
Reaction time false alarm rate0.20.20.4-0.5-0.6-0.5-0.1
Reaction time premature initiation rate1.72.43.41.71.81.70.5
Reaction time premature initiations1.42.53.21.41.81.81.4
Std. dev. reaction times0.30.51.40.80.30.0-1.2
Reaction time trials completed0.40.72.0-0.7-0.30.11.4
Reaction time trials AUC0.50.92.8-0.7-0.30.21.7
Run reversals in cocaine runway, females1.31.32.41.50.70.4-1.5
Run reversals in cocaine runway, males1.11.11.91.20.80.5-1.4
Latency to leave start box in cocaine runway1.31.52.2-0.4-1.3-1.5-1.3
Latency to leave start box in cocaine runway, F2.22.63.7-0.5-1.8-1.9-1.8
Latency to leave start box in cocaine runway, M0.10.10.20.10.30.30.4
Std. dev. time between licks in bursts0.60.82.60.50.1-0.4-1.6
Total sessions with >9 infusions0.40.51.4-1.20.0-0.5-0.3
Short access day 1 total inactive lever presses0.60.81.50.81.21.00.3
Short access day 10 total inactive lever presses0.82.12.90.81.71.71.4
Short access day 1 total infusions0.30.41.4-1.20.2-0.5-0.3
Short access day 10 total infusions0.10.10.4-0.60.1-0.20.0
Short access total infusions0.60.72.1-1.5-0.2-0.8-0.3
Short access day 1 locomotion0.60.71.80.61.40.9-0.2
Short access day 10 total locomotion2.44.58.71.83.02.40.6
Short access total locomotion0.70.82.10.61.41.00.1
One hour access (0.3 mA shock)0.10.10.3-0.30.30.20.6
Compulsive drug intake0.00.00.00.1-0.2-0.0-0.2
One hour access (shock baseline)0.10.20.60.20.80.40.1
Social response proportion0.40.51.11.10.30.1-0.8
Social responses4.55.811.43.42.21.5-2.2
Social time0.60.81.1-1.0-0.8-0.51.0
Soleus weight3.811.117.6-4.2-3.9-2.91.8
Bone: stiffness3.65.88.4-2.9-2.8-2.6-0.2
Tibialis anterior weight0.93.04.6-2.1-2.0-1.51.0
Time to tail flick, vehicle, before self-admin0.50.61.40.70.60.2-1.2
Time to tail flick, vehicle, after self-admin1.01.31.91.11.11.41.0
Time to tail flick, test, before self-admin0.70.72.50.3-0.1-0.5-1.6
Time to tail flick, test, after self-admin0.20.20.3-0.3-0.3-0.4-0.6
Delta time to tail flick, vehicle, before/after SA1.01.03.4-0.4-0.40.31.8
Delta time to tail flick, test, before/after SA0.80.81.80.30.71.01.3
Tibia length0.71.93.41.81.41.4-0.2
Ambulatory time before self-admin0.30.40.60.70.80.6-0.2
Ambulatory time after self-admin0.00.00.10.0-0.2-0.1-0.0
Bone: tissue strength4.14.27.0-2.6-2.3-2.10.3
Total heroin consumption1.11.22.41.61.00.7-1.1
Bone: trabecular number0.61.03.00.3-0.6-0.8-1.7
Bone: trabecular spacing2.02.65.70.31.41.72.4
Bone: trabecular thickness5.06.39.6-1.3-2.4-2.9-3.1
Bone: trabecular tissue density2.33.46.3-2.5-1.7-1.21.7
Water consumed over 24 hours1.01.31.9-1.2-1.3-1.4-0.5
Number of responses in last shaping day2.72.96.21.52.51.8-0.2