ENSRNOG00000043390

Models

All models for this gene with cis-heritability P-value <0.01 were tested and are shown here. In each tissue, a gene can have zero, one, or multiple RNA phenotypes for each RNA modality. After the heritability statistics, subsequent columns show cross-validation performance (R2 and P-value) of each modeling method. The best-performing method for each models is used for TWAS.

# Tissue Modality RNA phenotype h2 h2 SE h2 P xQTL R2 BLUP R2 ENET R2 LASSO R2 xQTL P BLUP P ENET P LASSO P
1 Adipose gene expression ENSRNOG00000043390 0.07 0.04 1.9e-09 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07 1.3e-08 1.2e-08 9.2e-09 1.4e-08
2 Brain gene expression ENSRNOG00000043390 0.05 0.03 5.6e-05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 6.1e-05 5.4e-05 2.5e-05 2.8e-05
3 LHb gene expression ENSRNOG00000043390 0.24 0.14 3.1e-04 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.13 4.3e-04 1.5e-03 1.4e-03 6.1e-04
4 OFC intron excision ratio chr7:84967032:85057234 0.3 0.24 7.6e-03 0.12 -0.01 0.1 0.08 9.2e-04 4.7e-01 2.4e-03 5.1e-03
5 PL gene expression ENSRNOG00000043390 0.04 0.03 4.5e-03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0 3.2e-03 7.7e-02 6.8e-03 3.3e-01

Trait associations

The numbered columns correspond to the numbered models in the table above. They contain the TWAS Z-score for each trait-model pair. Colors indicate strong Z-scores (below -2 or above 2): lower negative Z-scores are darker blue, higher positive Z-scores are darker red.

Trait Avg chi2 ratio Avg chi2 Max chi2 1 2 3 4 5
BMI with tail1.86.020.13.00.0-0.94.5-0.0
BMI without tail1.83.711.62.30.0-1.33.4-0.1
Body weight2.08.521.14.00.0-2.14.6-1.1
Epididymis fat weight3.07.115.02.40.0-3.2-2.0-3.9
Glucose0.71.14.7-0.90.00.1-2.2-0.3
Heart weight1.72.46.0-1.10.01.51.62.5
Left kidney weight0.10.20.50.70.0-0.00.5-0.6
Right kidney weight0.10.40.70.80.00.10.9-0.6
Tail length0.20.61.00.90.0-1.01.0-0.3
Length with tail0.51.94.02.00.0-1.51.3-1.4
Length without tail0.61.33.01.70.0-0.71.2-1.2
Liver weight, left0.20.31.00.60.0-0.10.0-1.0
Liver weight, right1.11.83.61.90.0-0.71.9-1.1
Parametrial fat weight2.34.59.13.00.0-2.20.7-2.9
Retroperitoneal fat weight0.51.63.51.90.0-1.51.1-1.1
Intraocular pressure0.50.62.70.70.0-0.01.6-0.2
Extensor digitorum longus weight2.08.129.13.10.0-1.35.40.3
Soleus weight1.13.36.32.50.0-1.62.5-1.3
Tibialis anterior weight2.06.828.31.80.0-0.45.31.5
Tibia length1.54.38.22.90.0-1.92.7-1.6
Number of licking bursts0.10.10.10.30.0-0.3-0.2-0.3
Food consumed during 24 hour testing period1.72.04.61.10.0-1.5-1.3-2.1
Times rat made contact with spout2.02.34.40.80.0-2.1-1.9-1.7
Mean time between licks in bursts0.60.81.5-0.80.01.20.71.2
Mean num. licks in bursts0.20.20.5-0.00.0-0.6-0.7-0.4
Std. dev. time between licks in bursts0.40.51.0-0.90.01.0-0.20.8
Water consumed over 24 hours3.03.58.11.90.0-2.8-0.9-2.3
Indifference point 0 sec0.61.01.71.30.0-1.30.7-0.9
Indifference point AUC1.31.53.81.60.0-2.00.5-1.0
Indifference point function ln k0.60.82.2-1.10.01.5-0.70.4
Indifference point function log k0.60.82.2-1.10.01.5-0.70.4
Delay discounting total patch changes 0 sec0.40.71.31.10.0-1.10.5-0.8
Delay discounting total patch changes 12 sec1.82.47.01.70.0-2.6-0.2-1.4
Delay discounting total patch changes 18 sec1.52.03.41.80.0-1.71.8-0.4
Delay discounting total patch changes 24 sec0.10.10.30.00.0-0.4-0.5-0.4
Delay discounting total patch changes 6 sec1.72.56.11.60.0-2.5-0.6-1.9
Delay discounting time to switch 0 sec0.61.03.0-1.10.00.7-1.7-0.1
Delay discounting water rate 0 sec0.50.83.10.90.0-0.11.80.1
Delay discounting water rate 12 sec0.20.31.30.10.00.21.10.6
Delay discounting water rate 18 sec0.20.20.40.70.0-0.50.4-0.3
Delay discounting water rate 24 sec0.20.20.80.40.00.0-0.3-0.9
Delay discounting water rate 6 sec1.11.56.10.60.00.22.51.1
Locomotor activity0.61.03.31.20.0-0.61.80.2
Locomotor testing distance0.10.20.90.40.00.00.90.3
Locomotor testing rearing0.40.61.11.00.0-0.90.1-1.1
Light reinforcement 10.10.10.6-0.10.0-0.2-0.7-0.4
Light reinforcement 20.60.82.20.20.0-0.8-1.5-1.2
Reaction time number correct0.91.43.71.50.0-0.90.0-1.9
Reaction time mean minus median1.62.13.71.90.0-1.80.2-1.9
Reaction time mean minus median AUC0.20.30.80.70.0-0.5-0.1-0.9
Reaction time num false alarms0.60.81.61.30.0-1.20.3-1.0
Reaction time num false alarms AUC0.60.81.61.30.0-1.20.3-1.0
Reaction time trials correct on left0.91.43.71.50.0-0.90.0-1.9
Reaction time trials on left1.11.64.11.70.0-1.00.1-2.0
Reaction time mean0.91.32.71.60.0-1.40.6-1.3
Reaction time mean AUC0.91.22.51.60.0-1.40.4-1.3
Median of all reaction times0.40.61.31.10.0-1.00.4-0.8
Reaction time omissions0.40.51.40.70.0-0.7-0.4-1.2
Reaction time false alarm rate0.20.20.60.20.0-0.30.80.7
Reaction time premature initiation rate0.10.20.40.40.0-0.50.60.3
Reaction time premature initiations0.30.40.91.00.0-0.80.3-0.8
Std. dev. reaction times1.92.64.92.20.0-1.90.4-2.1
Reaction time trials completed1.11.64.11.70.0-1.00.1-2.0
Reaction time trials AUC0.91.33.51.50.0-0.80.2-1.9
Social response proportion1.01.13.80.20.00.71.91.1
Social responses1.82.38.20.30.00.92.91.6
Social time0.20.30.70.10.0-0.10.80.8
Conditioned locomotion0.20.20.40.70.0-0.50.1-0.7
Cocaine response after cond. corrected0.40.41.0-0.80.00.7-1.0-0.1
Cocaine response after cond. not corrected0.30.30.6-0.80.00.7-0.60.3
Cocaine response before conditioning0.20.20.80.40.0-0.40.90.3
Saline control response1.62.15.61.60.0-2.4-0.2-1.5
Condit. Reinf. active minus inactive responses0.70.92.81.10.0-0.31.7-0.3
Condit. Reinf. active-inactive response ratio0.91.03.21.20.0-0.31.8-0.3
Condit. Reinf. active responses1.41.96.11.70.0-0.62.5-0.5
Condit. Reinf. inactive responses0.30.30.90.70.0-0.50.9-0.2
Condit. Reinf. lever presses0.40.61.4-0.30.00.51.21.1
Condit. Reinf. lever reinforcers received1.31.86.01.60.0-0.62.5-0.3
Pavlov. Cond. lever latency0.10.10.2-0.10.00.5-0.2-0.5
Pavlov. Cond. magazine entry latency0.10.10.30.20.0-0.50.30.2
Pavlov. Cond. change in total contacts0.91.24.00.20.0-0.02.01.4
Pavlov. Cond. index score0.20.30.90.50.0-1.00.40.2
Pavlov. Cond. latency score0.20.20.50.20.0-0.70.40.5
Pavlov. Cond. lever contacts0.10.10.3-0.10.0-0.4-0.10.5
Pavlov. Cond. magazine entry number0.40.51.0-0.80.01.0-0.90.0
Pavlov. Cond. intertrial magazine entries0.91.13.60.90.0-0.8-0.9-1.9
Pavlov. Cond. lever-magazine prob. diff.0.30.41.30.60.0-1.10.4-0.0
Pavlov. Cond. response bias0.20.20.50.30.0-0.60.70.5
Conditioned reinforcement - actives0.30.30.6-0.30.00.70.70.8
Conditioned reinforcement - inactives0.20.30.80.10.00.10.90.7
Conditioned locomotion0.40.51.21.10.0-0.60.8-0.6
Intermittent access intake day 1-15 change2.02.03.7-1.90.01.80.01.8
Intermittent access intake escalation1.61.63.2-1.80.01.6-0.21.5
Intermittent access intake escalation 22.12.14.3-1.60.01.80.72.1
Intermitt. access day 1 inactive lever presses0.60.61.20.70.0-1.1-0.5-1.1
Intermitt. access day 15 inactive lever presses0.10.10.50.20.00.40.70.1
Intermitt. access escalation Index1.51.43.9-0.10.0-0.6-2.0-1.6
Intermittent access day 1 total infusions0.10.10.3-0.50.00.4-0.20.4
Intermittent access day 15 total infusions1.31.53.2-1.80.01.6-0.71.1
Intermittent access terminal intake (last 3 days)0.80.91.7-1.20.01.20.11.3
Intermittent access total infusions0.91.01.8-1.30.01.20.11.3
Intermittent access day 1 locomotion0.10.10.5-0.30.00.70.10.2
Intermittent access day 15 total locomotion0.40.41.00.10.01.01.00.1
Intermittent access total locomotion0.70.82.30.00.01.11.50.8
Intermittent access standard deviation1.11.22.6-1.20.01.30.61.6
Cocaine induced anxiety0.20.20.8-0.50.0-0.0-0.9-0.2
Post-drug Anxiety2.42.75.4-2.10.01.90.12.3
Baseline Anxiety1.21.33.60.10.00.61.91.5
Lifetime Intake0.60.61.2-1.10.00.8-0.01.1
Incentive Sensitization - Responses0.50.51.80.10.00.21.30.9
Incentive Sensitization - Breakpoint0.50.51.3-0.00.00.41.10.9
Progressive ratio test 1 active lever presses0.30.30.7-0.80.00.7-0.20.5
Progressive ratio test 1 breakpoint0.40.40.9-0.90.00.8-0.10.7
Progressive ratio test 1 inactive lever presses0.30.30.8-0.90.00.4-0.70.3
Progressive ratio test 2 active lever presses0.60.61.5-0.70.01.20.60.8
Progressive ratio test 2 breakpoint0.91.02.4-1.10.01.60.51.1
Progressive ratio test 2 inactive lever presses0.60.71.2-0.40.00.91.01.1
Total sessions with >9 infusions0.20.20.8-0.30.0-0.3-0.9-0.5
Short access day 1 total inactive lever presses0.10.20.30.50.0-0.50.4-0.1
Short access day 10 total inactive lever presses0.60.71.30.90.0-1.1-0.2-1.1
Short access day 1 total infusions0.50.51.60.50.0-1.2-0.5-0.8
Short access day 10 total infusions0.10.10.3-0.20.00.10.30.6
Short access total infusions0.10.10.4-0.60.0-0.1-0.40.4
Short access day 1 locomotion0.00.00.10.20.00.10.2-0.3
Short access day 10 total locomotion0.10.10.40.30.0-0.3-0.3-0.7
Short access total locomotion0.10.10.20.40.0-0.30.2-0.3
Compulsive drug intake0.40.41.3-0.60.01.1-0.20.5
One hour access (0.3 mA shock)0.91.02.4-0.20.01.11.61.2
One hour access (shock baseline)0.30.31.00.10.0-0.11.00.6
Number of responses in last shaping day1.41.53.20.20.0-1.1-1.8-1.7
Context. condit. distance diff. score0.81.02.31.50.0-1.21.1-0.5
Locomotion velocity, session 10.00.00.1-0.10.00.3-0.10.0
Locomotion distance, session 10.00.00.1-0.00.0-0.0-0.10.2
Locomotion velocity, session 23.64.37.9-2.80.02.7-0.92.3
Locomotion distance, session 20.30.41.1-0.90.00.5-0.31.0
Locomotion velocity, session 31.01.12.11.50.0-1.41.3-0.3
Locomotion distance, session 31.71.94.81.80.0-2.20.7-0.8
Stereotopy head waving bouts, day 30.10.10.40.40.00.00.6-0.3
Stereotopy head waving duration, day 30.70.81.8-0.60.01.31.20.8
Locomotion velocity, session 70.30.31.30.50.0-0.21.20.1
Locomotion distance, session 71.82.34.42.10.0-1.91.5-1.1
Stereotopy head waving bouts, day 74.24.89.1-2.40.02.90.93.0
Stereotopy head waving duration, day 72.73.25.8-2.20.02.40.32.3
Locomotion velocity, session 80.00.00.10.20.0-0.00.1-0.1
Locomotion distance, session 80.81.12.71.40.0-1.60.9-0.2
Degree of sensitization distance0.10.10.20.10.00.30.5-0.3
Degree of sensitization stereotypy4.44.88.4-2.80.02.8-0.12.9
Condit. Reinf. active minus inactive responses0.10.10.30.10.0-0.4-0.5-0.4
Condit. Reinf. active-inactive response ratio1.11.22.6-1.60.01.1-1.20.8
Condit. Reinf. active responses0.50.61.31.00.0-1.20.2-0.9
Condit. Reinf. inactive responses2.02.34.72.20.0-1.91.2-1.4
Incentive salience index mean0.30.31.00.60.0-1.0-0.0-0.6
Condit. Reinf. lever presses0.20.30.80.60.0-0.90.5-0.2
Time in familiar zone, hab. session 10.10.10.30.50.0-0.40.3-0.3
Time in novel zone, hab. session 10.30.31.1-0.40.00.0-1.1-0.2
Total zone transitions, hab. session 10.81.13.0-0.20.00.61.71.5
Total locomotion distance, hab. session 10.50.72.01.10.0-0.41.4-0.3
Locomotion velocity, hab. session 10.40.62.30.70.0-0.31.50.2
Time in familiar zone, hab. session 20.20.20.3-0.60.00.5-0.00.6
Time in novel zone, hab. session 20.20.20.50.70.0-0.30.6-0.4
Total zone transitions, hab. session 20.10.10.50.40.0-0.7-0.1-0.0
Total locomotion distance, hab. session 20.10.20.40.40.0-0.6-0.3-0.3
Locomotion velocity, hab. session 20.10.10.30.20.0-0.5-0.6-0.3
Novel to familiar place preference ratio0.20.20.7-0.40.00.9-0.20.2
Novelty place preference0.50.51.5-0.80.01.2-0.20.7
Time in novel zone, NPP test0.50.61.6-0.80.01.3-0.00.8
Total zone transitions, NPP test0.91.33.11.40.0-1.21.80.3
Total locomotion distance, NPP test0.81.12.01.40.0-1.21.4-0.3
Locomotion velocity, NPP test0.81.12.01.40.0-1.31.4-0.3
Pavlov. Cond. lever latency0.70.92.4-1.00.01.60.10.9
Pavlov. Cond. magazine entry latency0.10.20.80.30.0-0.9-0.10.1
Pavlov. Cond. change in total contacts0.10.10.3-0.30.0-0.4-0.60.3
Pavlov. Cond. index score0.30.41.50.60.0-1.20.2-0.1
Pavlov. Cond. latency score0.50.62.10.80.0-1.50.1-0.4
Pavlov. Cond. lever contacts1.01.23.21.30.0-1.80.1-1.0
Pavlov. Cond. magazine entry number0.20.20.8-0.30.00.90.0-0.1
Pavlov. Cond. intertrial magazine entries1.01.23.51.30.0-0.9-0.3-1.9
Pavlov. Cond. lever-magazine prob. diff.0.50.62.20.80.0-1.5-0.1-0.4
Pavlov. Cond. response bias0.10.20.70.30.0-0.90.10.1
Bone: apparent density0.61.02.3-0.40.00.71.51.4
Bone surface0.10.20.50.10.0-0.10.70.6
Bone volume0.30.51.5-0.40.00.40.91.2
Bone: connectivity density0.10.20.5-0.30.00.30.50.7
Bone: cortical apparent density0.70.91.6-1.30.01.0-0.61.2
Bone: cortical area1.42.16.71.50.0-1.02.60.6
Bone: cortical porosity0.50.51.90.50.0-0.51.40.5
Bone: cortical porosity0.70.72.60.60.0-0.61.60.5
Bone: cortical thickness0.71.13.30.30.0-0.01.81.4
Bone: cortical thickness0.70.82.5-0.10.00.41.61.2
Bone: cortical tissue density0.70.91.7-1.30.01.0-0.61.2
Bone: elastic displacement3.03.46.3-1.90.02.41.12.5
Bone: elastic work2.02.65.2-1.00.01.72.02.3
Bone: endosteal estimation1.43.05.32.30.0-2.20.8-2.1
Bone: endosteal perimeter1.12.24.42.10.0-1.71.6-1.2
Bone: final force0.91.52.81.70.0-1.51.4-0.6
Bone: final moment0.61.01.71.30.0-1.11.3-0.3
Bone: marrow area1.53.25.62.40.0-2.20.8-2.1
Bone: maximum diameter1.52.85.52.40.0-2.21.5-1.2
Bone: maximum force1.62.75.42.20.0-1.82.3-0.5
Bone: maximum moment1.22.04.81.80.0-1.42.2-0.3
Bone: minimum diameter2.75.09.53.10.0-2.42.8-1.3
Bone: periosteal estimation1.42.85.22.30.0-2.01.9-1.0
Bone: periosteal perimeter1.72.85.32.30.0-2.11.9-0.8
Bone: post-yield work2.43.25.82.40.0-2.30.4-2.2
Bone: stiffness0.91.52.81.70.0-1.71.0-0.8
Bone: tissue strength0.10.10.3-0.30.00.5-0.00.3
Bone: trabecular number1.42.15.1-1.10.01.31.62.2
Bone: trabecular spacing0.50.61.70.10.0-0.1-1.3-1.1
Bone: trabecular thickness0.80.92.0-0.60.00.91.21.4
Bone: trabecular tissue density1.11.56.3-0.70.00.4-2.5-0.7
Breakpoint value in progressive ratio session0.50.61.30.20.0-0.7-1.0-1.2
Distance traveled before self-admin0.90.91.81.30.0-1.31.0-0.3
Distance traveled after self-admin0.00.00.10.30.0-0.2-0.1-0.2
Delta time in closed arm before/after self-admin0.80.81.8-1.30.00.9-0.61.0
Delta time in open arm before/after self-admin0.20.10.50.30.00.2-0.2-0.7
Diff in mean of infusions in LGA sessions0.10.10.3-0.60.00.5-0.20.3
Extinction: sum of active levers before priming0.40.41.3-0.30.0-0.6-1.1-0.2
Active lever presses in extinction session 60.00.00.1-0.00.0-0.3-0.3-0.2
Delta distance traveled before/after self-admin0.10.10.1-0.10.00.3-0.4-0.2
Delta ambulatory time before/after self-admin0.10.10.2-0.30.00.4-0.4-0.0
Time in closed arm before self-admin0.70.91.91.10.0-1.0-0.3-1.4
Time in closed arm after self-admin0.70.71.8-1.10.00.7-1.30.1
Time in open arm before self-admin0.30.40.9-0.10.00.20.90.9
Time in open arm after self-admin0.20.20.70.60.0-0.2-0.1-0.8
Sum of active levers in priming session hrs 5-60.50.51.80.60.0-0.41.30.6
Time to tail flick, vehicle, before self-admin0.20.20.4-0.20.00.1-0.6-0.6
Time to tail flick, vehicle, after self-admin3.63.88.32.30.0-2.9-0.4-2.3
Time to tail flick, test, before self-admin1.21.12.11.30.0-1.4-0.2-1.4
Time to tail flick, test, after self-admin0.50.51.60.80.0-1.3-0.2-0.5
Delta time to tail flick, vehicle, before/after SA1.91.84.81.80.0-2.20.8-0.7
Delta time to tail flick, test, before/after SA0.20.20.40.40.0-0.50.60.3
Ambulatory time before self-admin0.80.81.61.30.0-1.20.8-0.6
Ambulatory time after self-admin0.10.10.20.50.0-0.50.1-0.3
Total heroin consumption1.41.73.71.00.0-1.6-1.1-1.9
Area under the delay curve0.20.20.5-0.70.00.4-0.60.5
Delay disc. indifference point, 0s delay0.30.30.80.20.0-0.1-0.8-0.9
Delay disc. indifference point, 16s delay0.90.91.7-1.30.01.1-0.61.0
Delay disc. indifference point, 2s delay0.50.61.2-1.10.00.7-0.50.9
Delay disc. indifference point, 24s delay0.20.20.60.30.0-0.8-0.4-0.4
Delay disc. indifference point, 4s delay0.00.00.1-0.20.0-0.0-0.00.3
Delay disc. indifference point, 8s delay0.50.50.90.50.0-1.0-0.7-0.9
Delay discount exponential model param0.30.30.60.80.0-0.30.7-0.5
Delay discount hyperbolic model param0.30.30.60.80.0-0.40.6-0.5
Fecal boli incidents, locomotor time 10.10.10.4-0.00.0-0.2-0.7-0.4
Change in fecal boli incidents, locomotor task0.20.10.5-0.30.0-0.10.30.7
Time >=10cm from walls, locomotor time 10.90.91.91.40.0-1.00.8-0.9
Bouts of movement, locomotor time 10.40.41.1-0.70.01.00.20.8
Total resting periods, locomotor time 10.70.81.7-1.00.01.30.01.1
Rest time, locomotor task time 10.80.83.4-0.70.0-0.3-1.8-0.5
Distance moved, locomotor task time 11.01.12.7-0.40.01.11.61.2
Vertical activity count, locomotor time 10.30.31.10.20.00.41.00.4
Time >=10cm from walls, locomotor time 21.92.03.61.90.0-1.60.2-1.9
Bouts of movement, locomotor time 20.10.10.40.20.0-0.1-0.6-0.5
Total resting periods, locomotor time 20.20.20.60.20.0-0.2-0.8-0.5
Rest time, locomotor task time 20.40.51.7-0.80.0-0.3-1.30.2
Distance moved, locomotor task time 21.11.34.00.00.01.12.01.0
Vertical activity count, locomotor time 21.01.12.21.50.0-0.31.4-1.0
Weight adjusted by age0.30.31.20.40.00.31.10.1
Seeking ratio, delayed vs. immediate footshock0.00.00.1-0.20.0-0.1-0.10.1
Locomotion in novel chamber0.81.03.20.10.00.71.81.2
Locomotion in novel chamber post-restriction0.30.41.00.70.0-1.0-0.2-0.7
Progressive ratio2.12.54.6-1.60.02.10.72.2
Food seeking constrained by brief footshock0.30.41.30.60.0-1.2-0.2-0.5
Seeking ratio, punishment vs. effort2.12.65.91.70.0-2.4-0.7-2.0
Run reversals in cocaine runway, females0.30.31.1-0.80.00.2-1.00.0
Run reversals in cocaine runway, males0.30.30.90.80.0-0.40.1-1.0
Latency to leave start box in cocaine runway3.63.97.5-2.70.02.1-2.70.6
Latency to leave start box in cocaine runway, F4.04.411.2-2.80.01.8-3.30.2
Latency to leave start box in cocaine runway, M0.60.61.2-0.80.01.10.20.9
Cd content in liver1.31.42.9-1.70.01.4-0.41.4
Co content in liver0.60.71.4-0.70.01.00.91.2
Cu content in liver1.31.66.3-0.90.00.5-2.5-0.7
Fe content in liver1.11.33.10.50.0-0.7-1.8-1.6
K content in liver3.83.88.71.80.0-2.1-1.7-2.9
Mg content in liver1.01.01.90.50.0-1.1-1.4-1.3
Mn content in liver0.10.10.3-0.10.0-0.0-0.6-0.2
Na content in liver4.14.39.21.10.0-1.7-2.9-3.0
Rb content in liver0.50.71.60.30.0-0.6-1.3-1.1
Se content in liver0.10.10.5-0.00.0-0.2-0.7-0.3
Sr content in liver0.40.30.80.80.0-0.20.9-0.4
Zn content in liver1.21.32.71.20.0-1.3-0.7-1.7